Dynamic Call Center with Python and Django

In this tutorial we will show how to automate the routing of calls from customers to your support agents. In this example customers would select a product, then be connected to a specialist for that product. If no one is available our customer's number will be saved so that our agent can call them back.

This is what the application does at a high level:

• Configure a workspace using the Twilio TaskRouter REST API.
• Listen for incoming calls and let the user select a product with the dial pad.
• Create a Task with the selected product and let TaskRouter handle it.
• Store missed calls so agents can return the call to customers.
• Redirect users to a voice mail when no one answers the call.
• Allow agents to change their status (Available/Offline) via SMS.

Configure the Workspace

In order to instruct TaskRouter to handle the Tasks, we need to configure a Workspace. We can do this in the TaskRouter Console or programmatically using the TaskRouter REST API.

In this Django application we'll do this setup when we start up the app.

A Workspace is the container element for any TaskRouter application. The elements are:

• Tasks - Represents a customer trying to contact an agent
• Workers - The agents responsible for handling Tasks
• Task Queues - Holds Tasks to be consumed by a set of Workers
• Workflows - Responsible for placing Tasks into Task Queues
• Activities - Possible states of a Worker. Eg: idle, offline, busy

In order to build a client for this API, we need a TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID and TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN which you can find on Twilio Console. The function build_client configures and returns a TwilioTaskRouterClient, which is provided by the Twilio Python library.

Now let's look in more detail at all the steps, starting with the creation of the workspace itself.

Create a Workspace

Before creating a workspace, we need to delete any others with the same friendly_name as the one we are trying to create. In order to create a workspace we need to provide a friendly_name and a event_callback_url where a requests will be made every time an event is triggered in our workspace.

We have a brand new workspace, now we need workers. Let's create them on the next step.

Create the Workers

We'll create two workers, Bob and Alice. They each have two attributes: contact_uri a phone number and products, a list of products each worker is specialized in. We also need to specify an activity_sid and a name for each worker. The selected activity will define the status of the worker.

A set of default activities is created with your workspace. We use the Idle activity to make a worker available for incoming calls.

After creating our workers, let's set up the Task Queues.

Create the Task Queues

Next, we set up the Task Queues. Each with a friendly_name and a targetWorkers, which is an expression to match Workers. Our Task Queues are:

1. SMS - Will target Workers specialized in Programmable SMS, such as Bob, using the expression '"ProgrammableSMS" in products'.
2. Voice - Will do the same for Programmable Voice Workers, such as Alice, using the expression '"ProgrammableVoice" in products'.
3. Default - This queue targets all users and can be used when there are no specialist around for the chosen product. We can use the "1==1" expression here.

We have a Workspace, Workers and Task Queues... what's left? A Workflow. Let's see how to create one next!

Create a Workflow

Finally, we create the Workflow using the following parameters:

1. friendly_name as the name of a Workflow.
2. assignment_callback_url and fallback_assignment_callback_url as the public URL where a request will be made when this Workflow assigns a Task to a Worker. We will learn how to implement it on the next steps.
3. task_reservation_timeout as the maximum time we want to wait until a Worker is available for handling a Task.
4. configuration which is a set of rules for placing Tasks into Task Queues. The routing configuration will take a Task attribute and match it with Task Queues. This application's Workflow rules are defined as:
   1. "selected_product==\ "ProgrammableSMS\"" expression for SMS Task Queue. This expression will match any Task with ProgrammableSMS as the selected_product attribute.
   2. "selected_product==\ "ProgrammableVoice\"" expression for Voice Task Queue.

Our workspace is completely setup. Now it's time to see how we use it to route calls.

Handle Twilio's Request

Right after receiving a call, Twilio will send a request to the URL specified on the number's configuration.

The endpoint will then process the request and generate a TwiML response. We'll use the Say verb to give the user product alternatives, and a key they can press in order to select one. The Gather verb allows us to capture the user's key press.

We just asked the caller to choose a product, next we will use their choice to create the appropiate Task.

Create a Task

This is the endpoint set as the action URL on the Gather verb on the previous step. A request is made to this endpoint when the user presses a key during the call. This request has a Digits parameter that holds the pressed keys. A Task will be created based on the pressed digit with the selected_product as an attribute. The Workflow will take this Task's attributes and match with the configured expressions in order to find a Task Queue for this Task, so an appropriate available Worker can be assigned to handle it.

We use the Enqueue verb with a WorkflowSid attribute to integrate with TaskRouter. Then the voice call will be put on hold while TaskRouter tries to find an available Worker to handle this Task.

After sending a Task to Twilio, let's see how we tell TaskRouter which Worker to use to execute that task.

Assign a Worker

When TaskRouter selects a Worker, it does the following:

1. The Task's Assignment Status is set to 'reserved'.
2. A Reservation instance is generated, linking the Task to the selected Worker.
3. At the same time the Reservation is created, a POST request is made to the Workflow's AssignmentCallbackURL, which was configured while creating the Workflow. This request includes the full details of the Task, the selected Worker, and the Reservation.

Handling this Assignment Callback is a key component of building a TaskRouter application as we can instruct how the Worker will handle a Task. We could send a text, e-mail, push notifications or make a call.

Since we created this Task during a voice call with an Enqueue verb, let's instruct TaskRouter to dequeue the call and dial a Worker. If we do not specify a to parameter with a phone number, TaskRouter will pick the Worker's contact_uri attribute.

We also send a post_work_activity_sid which will tell TaskRouter which Activity to assign this worker after the call ends.

Now that our Tasks are routed properly, let's deal with missed calls in the next step.

Collect Missed Calls

This endpoint will be called after each TaskRouter Event is triggered. In our application, we are trying to collect missed calls, so we would like to handle the workflow.timeout event. This event is triggered when the Task waits more than the limit set on Workflow Configuration-- or rather when no worker is available.

Here we use TwilioRestClient to route this call to a Voicemail Twimlet. Twimlets are tiny web applications for voice. This one will generate a TwiML response using Say verb and record a message using Record verb. The recorded message will then be transcribed and sent to the email address configured.

Note that we are also listening for task.canceled. This is triggered when the customer hangs up before being assigned to an agent, therefore canceling the task. Capturing this event allows us to collect the information from the customers that hang up before the Workflow times out.

Most of the features of our application are implemented. The last piece is allowing the Workers to change their availability status. Let's see how to do that next.

Change a Worker's Activity

We have created this endpoint, so a worker can send an SMS message to the support line with the command "On" or "Off" to change their availability status.

This is important as a worker's activity will change to Offline when they miss a call. When this happens, they receive an SMS letting them know that their activity has changed, and that they can reply with the On command to make themselves available for incoming calls again.

Congratulations! You finished this tutorial. As you can see, using Twilio's TaskRouter is quite simple.

Where to Next?

If you're a Python developer working with Twilio, you might enjoy these other tutorials:

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