Ahoy there! All messaging transmitted using Twilio's messaging channels is treated as Application-to-Person (A2P) messaging and subject to Twilio's Messaging Policy. For detailed information on policy rules to ensure you remain compliant while using Twilio's services, please see our Acceptable Use Policy.
Ready to start sending and receiving text messages with Twilio Programmable SMS using Java?
This Programmable SMS Quickstart for Java will teach you how to do this using the Twilio Java helper library for our Communications REST API.
In this Quickstart, you will learn how to:
Prefer to get started by watching a video? Check out our Java SMS Quickstart video on YouTube.
Already have a Twilio account? Go ahead and skip this section.
If you are sending SMS to the U.S. or Canada, before proceeding further please be aware of updated restrictions on the use of Toll-Free numbers for messaging, including TF numbers obtained through Free Trial. Please click here for details.
You can sign up for a free Twilio trial account here.
If you don't currently own a Twilio phone number with SMS functionality, you'll need to purchase one. After navigating to the Buy a Number page, check the SMS box and click Search.
You'll then see a list of available phone numbers and their capabilities. Find a number that suits your fancy and click Buy to add it to your account.
We'll need to use the Twilio CLI (command line interface) for a few tasks, so let's install that next.
The suggested way to install twilio-cli
on macOS is to use Homebrew. If you don't already have it installed, visit the Homebrew site for installation instructions and then return here.
Once you have installed Homebrew, run the following command to install twilio-cli
:
brew tap twilio/brew && brew install twilio
For other installation methods, see the Twilio CLI Quickstart.
Run twilio login
to get the Twilio CLI connected to your account. Visit the Twilio Console, and under Account Info, you'll find your unique Account SID and Auth Token to provide to the CLI.
Next, we need to install Java and the Twilio Java Helper Library.
Already have your Java development environment all set up, and have a Twilio Java Helper library configured in your classpath? Feel free to skip the next two sections, and get right into sending your first text message with Twilio!
To send your first SMS, you'll need to have the Java Standard Edition (SE) Development Kit (JDK) installed - if you don't know if you have the JDK installed, run the following command to see what version you have:
javac -version
You should see something similar to this output:
javac 1.8.0_92
The Twilio SDK requires Java SE 8 or higher, which will appear as version number "1.8
" or above when you run the above command.
If you have an older version of Java or no JDK at all, you'll need to install the JDK before going any further. Follow the directions for installing the Java SE Development Kit for your platform (Windows, Mac, Linux) from the Java SE Download Page.
Got Java all set up and ready to go? Fantastic!
Next, download the standalone Twilio Java Helper Library. With that library, you'll have Java classes that help you call out to Twilio API's using Java, along with all the other dependencies you'll need to get going. We'll be using this "fat jar" file with all the dependencies in this SMS Quickstart. When you download the fat jar file, download the one with a name similar to twilio-8.x-jar-with-dependencies.jar.
Prefer to use Maven, Gradle, or another build tool? The Twilio Java Helper Library docs have information on how to install the helper library using a build automation tool.
This Twilio Java Helper Library is not meant for use in Android applications! Use this library for servers, command line applications, and similar projects.
If you want to send an SMS from a mobile application, you should have a server component with your Twilio credentials where your app sends an HTTP request. Shipping your Twilio Account SID and Auth Token to end users is a security risk for your Twilio account.
Now that we have the JDK set up and the Twilio Java Helper Library downloaded, we can send an outbound text message from the Twilio phone number we just purchased with a single API request. Create and open a new file called Example.java
and type or paste in this code sample. Move the Twilio Java Helper Library to be in the same directory as Example.java
.
1// Install the Java helper library from twilio.com/docs/java/install23import com.twilio.type.PhoneNumber;4import com.twilio.Twilio;5import com.twilio.rest.api.v2010.account.Message;67public class Example {8// Find your Account SID and Auth Token at twilio.com/console9// and set the environment variables. See http://twil.io/secure10public static final String ACCOUNT_SID = System.getenv("TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID");11public static final String AUTH_TOKEN = System.getenv("TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN");1213public static void main(String[] args) {14Twilio.init(ACCOUNT_SID, AUTH_TOKEN);15Message message = Message.creator(16new com.twilio.type.PhoneNumber("+14159352345"),17new com.twilio.type.PhoneNumber("+14158141829"),18"Where's Wallace?")19.create();2021System.out.println(message.getBody());22}23}
1{2"account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",3"api_version": "2010-04-01",4"body": "Where's Wallace?",5"date_created": "Thu, 24 Aug 2023 05:01:45 +0000",6"date_sent": "Thu, 24 Aug 2023 05:01:45 +0000",7"date_updated": "Thu, 24 Aug 2023 05:01:45 +0000",8"direction": "outbound-api",9"error_code": null,10"error_message": null,11"from": "+14158141829",12"num_media": "0",13"num_segments": "1",14"price": null,15"price_unit": null,16"messaging_service_sid": "MGaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",17"sid": "SMaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",18"status": "queued",19"subresource_uris": {20"media": "/2010-04-01/Accounts/ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Messages/SMaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Media.json"21},22"tags": {23"campaign_name": "Spring Sale 2022",24"message_type": "cart_abandoned"25},26"to": "+14159352345",27"uri": "/2010-04-01/Accounts/ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Messages/SMaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.json"28}
You'll need to edit this file a little more before your message will send:
Swap the placeholder values for ACCOUNT_SID
and AUTH_TOKEN
with your personal Twilio credentials. Go to https://www.twilio.com/console and log in. On this page, you'll find your unique Account SID and Auth Token, which you'll need any time you send messages through the Twilio client like this.
Open Example.java
and replace the values for ACCOUNT_SID
and AUTH_TOKEN
with your unique values.
Please note: it's okay to hardcode your credentials when getting started, but you should use environment variables to keep them secret before deploying to production. Check out how to set environment variables for more information.
Replace the first phone number in Example.java
with your mobile phone number. This can be any phone number that can receive text messages, but it's a good idea to test with your own phone so you can see the magic happen! You should use E.164 formatting for this value:
[+][country code][phone number including area code]
Remember that SMS-enabled phone number you obtained just a few minutes ago? Go ahead and replace the second phone number in Example.java
with that one, making sure to use E.164 formatting as before.
Save your changes and compile this Java class from your terminal, replacing 8.0.0
with the relevant version number:
javac -cp twilio-8.0.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar Example.java
We need to include that Twilio jar with the dependencies to compile our class from the command line. If you are using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) such as IntelliJ IDEA, Netbeans or Eclipse, you can add that Twilio jar to your classpath or your project libraries like any other dependency. You can also use a build tool like Maven or Gradle to build and run your Java application - just specify Twilio's helper library as a dependency.
Once you have the Java class built, you will need to run it - if you are running it from the command line on macOS or Linux, the command will look like this:
java -cp .:twilio-8.0.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar Example
On Windows, the equivalent command looks like this:
java -cp ".;twilio-8.0.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar" Example
The difference is that on Windows, the Java classpath separator on the command line is a semicolon, and on macOS or Linux, it is a colon.
That's it! In a few moments, you should receive an SMS from your Twilio number on your phone.
Are your customers in the U.S. or Canada? You can also send them MMS messages by adding just one line of code. Check out this guide to sending MMS to see how it's done.
If you are on a Twilio Trial account, your outgoing SMS messages are limited to phone numbers that you have verified with Twilio. Phone numbers can be verified via your Twilio Console's Verified Caller IDs.
When your Twilio number receives an incoming message, Twilio will send an HTTP request to a server you control. This callback mechanism is known as a webhook. When Twilio sends your application a request, it expects a response in the TwiML XML format telling it how to respond to the message.
Let's see how we would build this in Java using the Spark web application framework. Spark is a lightweight web application framework and is completely different from the big data software named Apache Spark.
Spark requires its own library, separate from the Twilio Java helper library, which you can install using the directions on the Download Spark Java page. You'll find directions for using Spark with Maven, Gradle, or as a standalone download. Spark does not come with a logging implementation, but it does work with the Simple Logging Facade 4 Java (SLF4J), which you can also include in your Java classpath.
You can certainly set up all of your dependencies on the command line like we did when we sent the SMS through Twilio above, but it's a little easier to get everything set up using a Java integrated development environment (IDE). We are going to use the free, community edition of IntelliJ IDEA, which you can download from JetBrains. You can download JAR files and use them directly with IntelliJ IDEA, or you can use a dependency manager such as Maven or Gradle. We will guide you through using IntelliJ IDEA with Maven or Gradle to build our application.
If you haven't downloaded and installed IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition, please go ahead and do that now! After you open IDEA, create a new project and select Maven or Gradle as the build system.
In addition, verify that IntelliJ IDEA has a project JDK (you'll need Java 8 or higher, so version 1.8 or above). You can use the default settings for other options.
Once we've got our project all set up, we just have a few more steps! We'll need the Twilio Java helper library, and the Spark Java web application framework as dependencies, along with the logging implementation so that we can see status messages from Spark.
Follow Maven's or Gradle's instructions to add the following dependencies:
com.twilio.sdk
com.sparkjava
org.slf4j
With these three dependencies, Maven or Gradle will download the appropriate libraries for you and add them to the classpath for building and running your Java application.
Now that we have all of that out of the way, it's time to write some code!
We'll need to start by creating a Java class in our project. In IntelliJ IDEA, select the java
folder under src
and main.
Next, open the File menu at the top of the screen. Choose the New submenu, and then Java Class.
A small popup window will show, and you can create a new class. Name your class SmsApp
- capitalization is important because it has to match the code sample.
You should have an SmsApp.java
source code file now. Copy and paste the code from the code sample into that source code file.
This Java code will listen for inbound HTTP GET
requests to '/', respond with "Hello Web," and listen to inbound HTTP POST
requests for '/sms', and respond with TwiML markup for an SMS Message.
1import com.twilio.twiml.MessagingResponse;2import com.twilio.twiml.messaging.Body;3import com.twilio.twiml.messaging.Message;45import static spark.Spark.*;67public class SmsApp {8public static void main(String[] args) {9get("/", (req, res) -> "Hello Web");1011post("/sms", (req, res) -> {12res.type("application/xml");13Body body = new Body14.Builder("The Robots are coming! Head for the hills!")15.build();16Message sms = new Message17.Builder()18.body(body)19.build();20MessagingResponse twiml = new MessagingResponse21.Builder()22.message(sms)23.build();24return twiml.toXml();25});26}27}
After you get your code in place, you can right-click on SmsApp class in the project outline on the left-hand side, and then choose the Run 'SmsApp.main()' menu item.
The Java spark web application server will start listening on port 4567. You can try it out by going to http://localhost:4567/ in your web browser.
One important thing to note - if you make a change to your code, and want to run the server again, you will need to stop the currently running application with the red stop button. Only one application can use port 4567 at a time, so if you run your Java application while an older version is still running, the new application will immediately exit.
That's all the code you need - there's just one more step before everything is wired up.
We'll use ngrok to set up a tunnel from the public internet to your localhost. This will let us use a public URL as the webhook for your application.
First, download and configure ngrok.
Next, run this command to have ngrok set up a tunnel to your localhost:
ngrok http 4567
This will start an ngrok tunnel. Copy down the Forwarding URL that ends with ngrok.io
.
Then, you need to configure your Twilio phone number to call your webhook URL whenever a new message comes in:
/sms
to the end of the URL.
Now that everything is glued together, it's time to test.
Send a text message from your mobile phone to your Twilio phone number. Twilio will forward your response back as an SMS!
Now that you know the basics of sending and receiving SMS text messages with Java, you might want to check out these resources.
Happy hacking!